Broadband Access Wired Mediums

Broadband Access Wired Mediums Broadband Access High speed internet access is also called as Broadband. With the help of broadband access we can send large amount data at a same time through a medium. It’s also called as â€Å"Broad Bandwidth† connection. Bandwidth can be defined as the amount of data transmitted or in other word it can be defined as the width of the connection. Bandwidth can be expressed in bits per second that is the amount of bit of data that can flow through a line. But nowadays the bandwidth speed has changed that’s from bps to Kbps to Mbps and now in Gbps. We have two type of medium through which we can get broadband access one is â€Å"Wired Medium† and the other is â€Å"Wireless Medium†. Wired Medium There are many wired mediums through which broadband internet access can be obtained. Few are listed below. Cable. HFC. XDSL. Fiber Optic’s. Power Line Access. Cable Internet It uses the same co-axial cable which is used for viewing Television. In order to provide this Cable internet to the subscriber the cable operator has to upgrade his equipments. The Cable subscriber can obtain this cable internet service by using cable modem and connect this modem to the computer. The cable modem works like Television but its differs in the output, the output in the television is a TV program but in cable internet it’s a web page. The cable has a storage or space, through which the television program can be transmitted and this space is called as the â€Å"Bandwidth†. So this bandwidth will bring webpage and television program to the end user. The cable modem transmits full duplex with great speeds ranging from 10 -20 Mbps (regardless of distance) but degrades when it’s shared by multiple users at the same time. Cable Internet Access is reliable but not secure.By using firewall and proper password protection we can over come the security problem. Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC) HFC is an extension of Cable internet.The signals from headend system to the customer pass over a combination of fiber and coaxial cable. Fiber optic cables will connect the head end system to the neighboring node and co-axial cable is used to connect households to this node. Figure 2: Hybri Fiber Coax In HFC the signals will flow in both forward direction (Downstream) that is from head end system to customer via node and reverse direction (Upstream)that is from customer to head end system via node. Since coaxial cable (shared medium) is used for connecting node and customer there will be lot of interference in Upstream and Downstream of signals. To avoid this interference in coaxial cable the frequency is split into two. In HFC the Downstream is allocated with more frequency bandwidth than the Upstream because more video content is sent to the homes, so for this reason â€Å"Non-Symmetrical† process is followed to configure HFC network. By â€Å"Non-Symmetrical we mean path in one direction (Downstream) has more data carrying capacity. Earlier the upstream was used for information like ordering movie, audio etc.. But now extra features like internet and telephone are added to HFC network and hence the upstream is utilized more. xDSL The generic name for DSL technology family is xDSL.DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) uses telephone line to provide high speed internet broad band access the speed of which can be 1.5 Mbps for a typical residential connection or more. The various type of xDSL are shown below: ADSL RADSL SDSL HDSL HDSL2 VDSL ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) This technology uses existing phone connection to provide high speed internet broadband access. The word Asymmetric means the Downstream and upstream speed differs in other words more data is transmitted in Downstream than Upstream, Digital means the data is converted into digital form i.e. 1’s and 0’s and by â€Å"Subscriber Line† it mean simple copper wire is used for this. In the telephone exchange this ADSL can be implemented with special equipments and in the customer side it can be obtained by connecting a the phone connection to ADSL modem and ADSL modem is connected to the computer. One major disadvantage of ADSL is that the speed will get reduced as distance between the ADSL provider and Customer increases. ADSL uses the Frequency Division Multiplexing technique for data transmission. The communication link is divided into three non overlapping frequency band, two-way telephone channel (0 to 4 KHz band-POTS),medium speed Upstream (4KHz to 50 KHz band) and High speed Downstream(50KHz to 1MHz) RADSL (Rate-adaptive Digital Subscriber Line) RADSL differs from ADSL .In RADSL depending upon the length and the quality of the line, the modem can adjust the speed of the connection. SDSL (Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line) In SDSL Upstream and Downstream have the same speed. SDSL can transfer data up to 3Mbps in both directions. The figure below shows the difference between ADSL and SDSL. From the figure it’s clearly seen from ADSL the Sending (Upstream) have small pipeline where as in the SDSL both Upstream and Downstream have same pipeline size Figure 3:SDSL With ADSL webpage access is not an issue. But ADSL faces problem when it needs to download large amount of data. HDSL (High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line) HDSL will provide speed up to 1.5 Mbps in both the directions (Upstream and Downstream) which can be used for businesses that hosts websites. HDSL 2(High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line 2) This advanced version of HDSL this HDSL2 will provide same throughput in single copper wire and provide telephone service. VDSL (Very high bit-rate Digital Line Subscriber) This VDSL is advanced version of DSL technologies which has very high downstream speed (52 Mbps) and upstream (12 Mbps) bandwidth. VDSL architecture is based on two technologies QAM (Quadrature amplitude modulation) or DMT (Discrete multitone modulation) that are not compatible. The most commonly used technologies are DMT. Fiber Optic’s In Fiber Optic’s data is transmitted via optical fibers. Optical fiber is a thin wire made up of pure glass with .These Optical fibers are bundled together to form a Optical cable that transmits data to long distances. The Figure shown below will discuss about the various parts of the Optical Cable.Optical Cable has three parts namely the Core, the Cladding and the Coating. Core: The inner most layer of the Optical Cable made up of glass. In this layer the data is transmitted in the form of light. Cladding: This layer is above the inner core. This layer is also made up of glass. The main use of this layer is to reflect light back into the core. Coating: This is outermost layer of the cable. The main use of this layer is to protect the cable from damage. This optical fiber cable is covered with an outer jacket. The are two types of Optical fiber, Single mode and Multimode. The Single mode uses laser beam to transmit data, the inner core of which is small in diameter and hence has less to nil modal dispersion. On the contrary, the Multimode has a larger diameter, uses LED and suffers from modal dispersion. Broadband over Lines (BPL) This technology provides high speed broadband internet access to homes via electrical outlets. By combining the concepts of modem, radio and wireless networking ,the BPL developers developed a way to send data via power lines to homes at speed of 3Mbps. The BPL developers by adjusting the Power Lines with the help of special equipments can send data on it. The BPL developers could partner with power companies and Internet service providers to bring broadband to everyone with access to electricity. There are two types of BPL services, In-house BPL that is used to network inside buildings and Access BPL that provides Broadband internet via power lines Figure 5: Broadband Over Line Silicon Chipset in modem helps in getting the data from an electrical outlet and uses modulation technique and adaptive algorithm to handle noise in the power lines. From the figure above we can see that the modem looks like a common adapter which c an be plugged into electrical socket, and an Ethernet wire from the modem will connect to the computer. Wireless Medium (Micro Wave) Satellite This technology uses satellites and satellite dish to provide high speed broadband internet connection and uses microwaves to transmit data signals. With the help of this technology we can link two or more base stations on earth. The signals from the base station are passed to the satellite on one frequency and the satellite will regenerate the signal or increase the signal strength with the help of repeater and will send it to the destination base station. There two type of satellite used for this purpose, geostationary satellite and low altitude satellite. Geostationary satellite remain at the same spot above the earth (36000 Km) .Because of the huge distance between the base station and the satellite, it will induce a propagation delay and its used mainly in telephone service . Low altitude satellites revolve around the earth and provide continuous coverage for all the area. There are two types of satellite broadband access, two way satellite internet services and one way satellite internet services. In two way the data can be transmitted in both the direction and in order to do this the satellite dish must be large. In one-way its can only receive data not send data. There are two types of satellite system asynchronous satellite system and synchronous satellite system.In asyn the upstream and downstream speed will be different where as in synch the speed in both the direction will be same. Major advantage of this technology is that it can provide high speed broadband internet access to the place where wired medium is not possible. The speed of download is 600k and upload is 128K. Major disadvantage is the price and reliability of the service ( it may get affected due to bad weather). Wireless Medium (Radio Wave) Fixed Wireless This technology uses Radio waves to provide high speed broadband internet access. There are two types, point-to-point fixed wireless and point-to-multipoint fixed wireless. In Point-to-Point signal is transferred from one antenna to other antenna(indoor or outdoor) which is on ground station .The main disadvantage in Point-to-Point is line of sight .Signal cannot reach the destination antenna if its not in the line of sight of the first antenna. In Point-To-Multipoint the only difference is that the signals via radio waves can be transmitted to many receivers rather than one dedicated receiver. It has the same drawback line of sight. Wi-Fi Here it uses radio waves to send and transmit data. To implement this we need a wireless adapter card and a wireless router. The digital information (web page request) from the computer is converted to radio wave with the help of wireless adapter. These radio waves are captured by wireless router which in turn will convert the radio signals back to digital signal and send the information to net via Ethernet cable. The response (webpage) will reach the wireless router which converts them into radio waves which is in turn converted into digital signal by wireless adapter. WiMax The main disadvantage of wireless broad band is that it is very expensive and cant be widespread. Wi-Fi works only in Hotspots. To over come these difficulties WiMax technology is introduced which is like a cell phone with broadband access. It basically has 2 parts WiMax Tower and WiMax Receiver. Wifi max tower work the same way as the cellular tower and has a very large coverage area. The wimax tower is connected to internet always or it can be connected to other wimax tower using line of sight microwave link .WiMax receiver is like a wireless adapter used in Wi-fi technology Wimax provides two type of wireless service. â€Å"Non Line of Sight† service in which the computer uses an antenna to connect it to the tower. â€Å"The line of sight in† which the antenna is fixed in a roof top and pointed directly to the wimax tower.

Capital Markets and Market Efficiency

Part 1 The Efficient market hypothesis states that all financial markets are efficient in their use of information to determine prices. This means that investors cannot expect to achieve excess profits that are more than the average market profits with similar risk factors, given all available information at the current time of investment, aside from through some form of luck. In part 1 of this report we will discuss the three different forms of market efficiency that Eugene Fama identified in her 1970 report. These can be explained as follows: 1) Weak form efficiency Fama (1970) observes that a market is efficient in weak form if past returns cannot be used to predict current stock price changes. It also assumes that prices on assets that are traded publicly already have and use all available information on the stock at any moment in time. It therefore stands to reason that the weak form of the market efficiency hypothesis means that past returns on stock are uncorrelated with future returns on the same stock. Future prices cannot be predicted by studying carefully the past prices of the stock. Excess returns cannot be earned over an extended period of time by using investment strategies that are based only upon the historical prices of shares or differing forms of historical analysis. This means that this style of technical analysis will not be able to produce high levels of returns on a consistent basis for investors. Overall one cannot expect future price changes to be predicted by using the past stock prices. Simply put weak form efficiency a ssumes that historical analysis on past stock data is of no use in predicting future price changes on stocks. 2) Semi-strong efficiency The semi-strong market efficiency form progresses from the aforementioned weak form market efficiency by stating that markets can adjust easily and very quickly to new information that is provided about various stocks. Fama (1970: 383) cites semi- strong efficiency as â€Å"whether prices efficiently adjust to other information that is publicly available. e.g. announcements of stock splits, etc†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Here it is assumed that asset prices fully reflect all of the publicly available information on the stocks meaning that only those investors who manage to possess additional unique information about the stocks could have an advantage over the market to make large gains. This form also asserts that any price outliers are found quickly and on this basis the stock market manages to adjust. In a semi-strong form efficiency share prices are able to react quickly to new information made available publicly in a quick manner so that no large returns can be gained from using the recent information. This leads us to imply that neither fundamental analysis or technical analysis will be able to produce consistent excess returns. Strong-form efficiency Strong-form efficiency assumes that prices reflect completely any type of new information about the market be that public or private information. Fama (1970: 383) says that strong form tests are concerned with â€Å"whether given investors or groups have monopolistic access to any information relevant for formation†, however Fama claims that the efficient hypothesis model still stands up well. The strong form claims the market price also includes different forms of insider information and not solely public information, and this is how it differs from the semi-strong form. The implications of this is that no one at all can therefore have any kind of advantage over the market in prediction of the stock prices as no possible additional data exists which would provide additional value to any investor. However, if any legal barriers exist which prevents the spread of useful information, such as insider trading laws for example, then this form of market efficiency is not possible. Part 2 The Efficient Markets Hypothesis was introduced by Eugene Fama in 1970. The main idea of the Efficient Market Hypothesis is predominantly that market prices must take into account all available information at any given point. Therefore meaning that no one can outperform the market by using readily available public information aside from through luck. A market is said to be efficient if the price fully reflects information about that market, for example if the price of the stock would be unaffected if all information surrounding it was revealed to all stakeholders in that market. Part two of this report will be critically discussing the evidence for and against the Efficient Market Hypothesis and whether it is possible to exploit market inefficiencies. The implications for investors and companies of the Efficient Markey Hypothesis will also be considered. Arguments For the Efficient Market Hypothesis To begin with following the birth of the efficient market hypothesis the theory was widely accepted, and it was widely assumed that the markets were very efficient in taking this information into account (Malkiel, 2003). It was accepted that when information came to the fore this would spread rapidly and would then be incorporated almost instantaneously into the share prices without hesitation. This meant that technical analysis, study of prior stock prices, nor any analysis of relevent information of a financial sense would lead an investment to achieve more successful returns than holding random stocks which have a comparable risk factor. Dimson and Mussavian (1998) observe that the evidence accumulated during the 1960s and 1970s was consistent with the Efficient Market Hypothesis view. There was a substantial backing for the weak and semi strong Efficient Market Hypothesis forms. Even though more recent times have seen an attack against the Efficient Market Hypothesis, Roll (1994) still observes that it remains incredibly difficult to make a high level of profit on a consistent basis even with the wildest variants of stock market efficiency. These violations of market efficiency are often sporadic events that do not last for a period of time. This can be seen by looking at the fact that on the whole profitable investment successes are referred to on a consistent basis as outliers (Dimson and Mussavian, 1998). Malkiel (2005: 2) says that: the strongest evidence suggesting that markets are generally quite efficient is that professional investors do not beat the market. Indeed, the evidence accumulated over the past 30-plus years makes me more convinced than ever that our stock markets are remarkably efficient at adjusting correctly to new information. This is showing that the markets must be efficient due to the fact that professional investors do not on the whole beat the market, and therefore all available information must be taken into account by the market prices and thus there is no gain to be had by any investors by using past prices, or publicly or privately readily available information. Arguments against the Efficient Market Hypothesis Malkiel (2003: 60) observes that by the beginning of the twenty first century â€Å"the intellectual dominance of the efficient market hypothesis had become far less universal† and academics were starting to question the premise and were not accepting it as they had done previously. Shiller (2003 ; 83) states that, â€Å"[contained in the EMH is] the idea that speculative asset prices such as stock prices always incorporate the best information about fundamental values and that prices change only because of good, sensible information.† However he then moves on to discuss how not all information is sensible and not all actors are rational, this would conflict with the efficient market hypothesis which relies on information having a large impact on the prices of stock. As well as this several recent reports have shown a range of empirical evidence which suggests that stock returns can actually possess components of a predictable nature, therefore also rejecting parts of the efficient market hypothesis which profess that looking at past trends do not allow for excess gains when investing on the stocks against the market. Keim and Stambaugh (1986) state that using forecasts based on a number of factors can find statistically significant predictability in a range of different stock prices. Lo and MacKinlay (1988) reject the random walk hypothesis, which is so often considered with the efficient market hypothesis theory, and show that it is not at all consistent with the stochastic nature of weekly returns. Empirical evidence of return behaviour which has been anomalous in the form of variables such as price to earnings ratio (Fama and French, 1992) has defied any kind of usual rational explanation and has resulted in a great number of researchers cons idering their views and opinions of market efficiency. Evaluation and Implications for Investors In conclusion, it is clear to see that market prices are not always predictable and that the markets have made large errors at certain points in time, for example at the recent dotcom internet bubble. Here it was obviously possible to exploit the market inefficiency to make money for investors. In the short run it may be possible to exploit these sporadic inefficiencies, but in the long term true value will always come to the fore. As long as these markets do exist, due to it being reliant on the judgement of investors, there will occasionally be errors made and some participants In the market are likely to behave in a less than rational manner, as is inherent in human nature. As well as this all information will not necessarily be sensible and investors are not likely to necessarily use it rationally. Thus irregular pricing or predictable patterns on stocks can appear and be exploited from time to time. In terms of the implications for investors in terms of the efficient market hypothesis, it is plain to see that all markets cannot be one hundred percent efficient all of the time or there would not be an incentive for people who are professionals in the field to discover different facets of information that is often quickly reflected by market prices (Grossman and Stiglitz, 1980). However, things such as the 1999 dot com bubble are exceptions rather than the rule to providing investors with extraordinary returns on their investments to exploit market inefficiencies. Therefore one could assume that the markets are efficient more often than not, and Fama (1970) is on the whole correct. This could lead to the conclusion in agreeing with Ellis (1998) and the overall idea that active equity management is indeed a ‘loser’s game’. Malkiel (2005) further advises on Ellis’ claim and professes that indexing is likely to produce higher rates of return than active por tfolio management. This is becoming more and more likely to impact investors as markets become more and more efficient, as Toth and Kertesz (2006) show in their examination of an increase in efficiency of the New York stock exchange. Therefore investors are required to question if it is indeed possible or feasible to exploit market inefficiencies using strategies the efficient market hypothesis calls into question. Bibliography Dimson, E. and Mussavian, M. (1998). ‘A Brief History of Market Efficiency’. European Financial Management. 4(1): 91-103. Ellis, C. (1998). Winning the Loser’s Game, McGraw-Hill: New York. Fama. E.G, (1970). ‘Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work’. The Journal of Finance. 25(2): 383-417 Fama, E. and French, K. (1988) ‘Dividend yields and expected stock returns’. Journal of Financial Economics.(22): 3-25. Fama, E. and French, K. (1992). ‘Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds’. Journal of Financial Economics. (33): 3-56. Grossman, S. and J, Stiglitz. (1980). ‘On the Impossibility of Informationally Efficient Markets.’ American Economic Review. 70(3). 393-408. Keim and Stambaugh (1986). ‘Predicting returns In the Stock and Bond Markets’. Journal of Financial Economics. 357-290. Lo and MacKinlay. (1988) ‘Stock Market prices do not follow random walks : Evidence from a simple specification test’. Review of Financial Studies. (1): 41-66. Malkiel, B. (2003). ‘The Efficient Market Hypothesis and Its Critics Authors’. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(1): 59-82 Malkiel, B. (2005). ‘Reflections on the Efficient Market Hypothesis: 30 Years Later’. The Financial Review (40):1-9 Shiller, R. (2003). ‘From Efficient Markets Theory to Behavioral Finance’. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 17(1) : 83-104. Toth, B. and Kertesz, J. (2006). ‘Increasing market efficiency: Evolution of cross-correlations of stock returns’. Physica 360(2): 505–515.

Definition of Accent in English Speech

The term accent has various meanings, but in speaking, an accent is an identifiable style of pronunciation, often varying regionally or even socioeconomically. It can be contrasted with a persons dialect, which includes regional vocabulary. Standard English has nothing to do with pronunciation, wrote Peter Trudgill  (Dialects.  Routledge, 2004). In fact, most people who speak Standard English do so with some sort of regional pronunciation, so that you can tell where they come from much more by their accent than by their  grammar  or vocabulary. George Mason University holds a speech accent archive, where people have been recorded reading the same English passage, for linguists to study, for example, what makes accents distinct from one another.   More on Dialects Versus Accents A dialect is a verbal departure from standard language. Dialects are characteristic of a particular group of speakers and have their own charm as well. Yall in the South, Yah in Minnesota, Eh? in Canada. The regional dialects of Brooklyn, the rural South, New England, and Appalachia, not to mention the greater contributions of Canada and Britain, and those of various ethnic cultures, have certainly enriched the English language. An accent is a particular way of pronouncing a language. Warsh for wash in Cajun Louisiana, New Yawk for New York among native New Yorkers, aboot for about in Canada. The appeal of dialects and accents comes from our appreciation of their musical intonations, imaginative word choices, and emotive speech rhythms. (James Thomas, Script Analysis for Actors, Directors, and Designers. Focal Press, 2009) Regional and Social Accents Accents are not just regional but sometimes contain information about a persons ethnicity, such as in the case of nonnative English speakers; education; or economic status. Within each national variety [of English] the standard dialect is relatively homogeneous in grammar, vocabulary, spelling, and punctuation. Pronunciation is a different matter, since there is no equivalent standard accent (type of pronunciation). For each national variety, there are regional accents, related to geographical area, and social accents, related to the educational, socio-economic, and ethnic backgrounds of the speakers. (Tom McArthur, The English Languages. Cambridge University Press, 1998) Phonetic and Phonological Differences Even though pronunciation differs, meanings of the same words often remain the same, such as around North America or between Britain and Australia.   Differences between accents are of two main sorts: phonetic and phonological. When two accents differ from each other only phonetically, we find the same set of phonemes in both accents, but some or all of the phonemes are realised differently. There may also be differences in stress and intonation, but not such as would cause a change in meaning. As an example of phonetic differences at the segmental level, it is said that Australian English has the same set of phonemes and phonemic contrasts as BBC pronunciation, yet Australian pronunciation is so different from that accent that it is easily recognized.Many accents of English also differ noticeably in intonations without the difference being such as would cause a difference in meaning; some Welsh accents, for example, have a tendency for unstressed ​syllables to be higher in pitch than stressed syllables. Such a difference is, again, a phonetic one...Phonological differences are of various types...Within the area of segmenta l phonology the most obvious type of difference is where one accent has a different number of phonemes (and hence of phonemic contrasts) from another.(Peter Roach, English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course, 4th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2009) Why So Many British Accents? Though Britain is a relatively small place, English spoken there can sound quite different from one end of the country to another. There are more accents per square mile in Britain than in any other part of the English-speaking world.This is because of the hugely diverse history of English in the British Isles, with the originally Germanic dialects of Europe mixing with the Norse accents of the Vikings, the French accents of the Normans, and wave after wave of immigration from the Middle Ages down to the present day.But its also because of the rise of mixed accents, as people move house around the country and pick up features of the accent wherever they find themselves.(David Crystal and Ben Crystal, Revealed: Why the Brummie Accent Is Loved Everywhere but Britain. Daily Mail, October 3, 2014) The Lighter Side I sometimes wonder if Americans arent fooled by our [British] accent into detecting brilliance that may not really be there.(Stephen Fry)You know, Fez, unfortunately there are some people in this world that are going to judge you on the color of your skin or your funny accent or that girly little way you run. But you know what? Youre not alone. Why do you think the Martians wont land here? Because theyre green, and they know people are going to make fun of them!(Ashton Kutcher as Michael Kelso in Bring It on Home. That 70s Show, 2003)[Yankees] are pretty much like Southerners—except with worse manners, of course, and terrible accents.(Margaret Mitchell, Gone With the Wind, 1936)

In This Assignment I Am Going To Evaluate And Describe

In this assignment I am going to evaluate and describe the strategy process of Apple Inc. In order to evaluate the strategy I am going discuss the emergent and deliberate strategy characteristics and also the development approaches elucidated by â€Å"Of Strategies, Deliberate and Emergent† by Mintzberg and Waters (1985). Firstly, I will discuss the eight categories outlined by Mintzberg and Waters using evidence and examples from Apple Inc. I will then focus on the differences between deliberate and emergent strategies and their relationship. Followed by the critical analysis of the strategy development process and Finally Apples strategy towards innovation. Apple started from scratch in 1977 in California and become one of the biggest†¦show more content†¦Planned Strategy is strongly deliberate. Entrepreneurial Strategy: The entrepreneurial strategy has elements of emergent characteristics but it is a more a planned deliberate activity. It is distinguishable from the planned strategy due to its adaptability. The developments mainly come from central management with a direct vision but their innovative nature is â€Å"the entrepreneurial strategy that provides flexibility, at the expense of the specificity and articulation of intentions† (Mintzberg and Waters 1985). Being entrepreneurial is not just setting up the company, it also comes from inside in the organization which is known as an Intrapreneur. An example of entrepreneurial strategy can be seen with Steve Jobs in Apple who was both an entrepreneur and an intrapreneur. Steve Jobs came up with idea to donate one Apple II and Apple Logo software package to every public school in Texas with the aim of 30 more packages being bought which is the estimated number of student in a class and also from parents who wanted the software to support ch ildren schoolwork. This was a huge success as it established a strong presence for Apple in the education sector. 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North East Gang Information System - 2102 Words

ABSTRACT Gang violence is a serious problem in USA, and no one is immune from the impact that gangs and youth violence can have on a community. Today, the gangs and the aspects of the violence they attract, draw young people from all walks of life, socio-economic backgrounds, races and ethnic groups. Youth violence is a problem not only for law enforcement but also for the community. Drive-by shootings, carjacking, home invasions and the loss of innocent life have become too frequent, destroying lives and ripping apart the fabric of communities. Street gangs are very fluid in nature, and while it is fairly easy to develop intelligence information about them, many times the information is outdated almost before it is disseminated to†¦show more content†¦These databases act as the repository of shared gang-related information. NEGIS five databases are as follows: Email communication: Email is being utilized as part of NEGIS to facilitate communications between the different states. E-mail service with â€Å"file attachment† option is provided to users through this database. Investigators can have first hand knowledge from specific investigators of other states, they can post queries and get responses by E-mail Even though it seems as if this piece is just a throw-in because it comes as a standard part of Notes, it has taken on great importance because the majority of the states had no interstate Email capability in the past. SPIN Database SPIN is the intelligence module of NEGIS and was adapted from the Connecticut SPIN system. The original plan was to have an intelligence piece developed specifically for NEGIS, but the cut in the grant money resulted in the participants having to use the existing SPIN development effort as part of NEGIS. Because SPIN was not designed to be shared between states the component resides only in Connecticut. NEGIS users from other states must submit a request to Connecticut to be resolved. Library of Gang Related Material The Library of Gang Related Material is a reference database that contains general information likeShow MoreRelatedThe Mission Of The Sdwcc Task Force Essay1426 Words   |  6 Pagesthe West Coast Crips gang by creating a renewed community confidence and enhanced quality of life through a three pronged prevention, intervention, and suppression strategy. We will educate community members on the negative impacts of gang participation and attractive alternatives for families, and in particular the youth, in a robust prevention effort. 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Gender and Sexual Exploitation in Advertisement Free Essays

Jacob Erdy Prof. Molyneaux ENG 110 10/18/12 Gender and Sexual Exploitation in Advertisement In Two Ways a Woman Can Get Hurt, Jean Kilbourne sheds a feminist light on the blatant exploitation of sexuality and violence against women and men in modern advertisement. Kilbourne then goes on to explain the damage these advertisements have on today’s culture and rising generations. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender and Sexual Exploitation in Advertisement or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kilbourne argues, in the past twenty years or so there has been a steady increase of advertisements featuring pornographic elements along with other inappropriate themes such as â€Å"bondage, sadomasochism, and the sexual exploitation of children. † (576). Such images as a jean ad where a women is being attacked by three men in an alley is a perfect example of an event that should be seen as tragic but is written off as just a way to convince people to buy a product. An interesting point that Kilbourne brings up is since these images have become more and more apparent throughout everyday life, such as in magazines, newspapers, and television commercials, â€Å"most of us become numb to these images, just as we become numb to the daily litany in the news of women being raped, battered, and killed. † (584). Unfortunately, this statement is undeniably true, after being conditioned to believe that these exploitative ads are acceptable most of us would not even take a second glance if one was found in a magazine or newspaper. This is when these advertisements become dangerous, argues Kilbourne. She doesn’t believe that these advertisements cause crimes against women, but when these crime arise these ads somewhat justify certain actions because of their omnipresence in society. I agree with Kilbourne, these advertisements do portray a world where crimes against women are acceptable, which in result, make people believe there is some sort of justification of these crimes when they are brought up. These exploitative ads need to be curbed in hopes to â€Å"thaw out† society’s opinions and tolerance for crimes against women. How to cite Gender and Sexual Exploitation in Advertisement, Papers

Utilitarianism Or Deontology for Research And Review

Question: Write essay on "Whats the best for business: utilitarianism or deontology?"The essay require: 1. Research and review of the contemporary literature in the topic area. 2. A range go citations and reference that should demonstrate breadth depth of research. 3. Industry or organization example to be incorporated into the essay as illustrated evidence. 4. A original argument to be built through the use of critical thinking. 5. Critical evaluation in the essay calculation. 6. Appropriate and accurate use of the Harvard reference system. Answer: The main aim of this report is to discuss, between utilitarianism and deontology, what is best for a business. These are two of the major ethical philosophies that are applied to businesses worldwide (Shaw, 2013). The discussion is done by investigating and analyzing the different ideas put forward in the area through existing literature and an argument is based upon the conclusions drawn from these literatures. This is done by first analysing each of the theories separately and their applications in real time businesses and the advantages and disadvantages of applying them to a business. Based on the conclusions, an attempt is made to arrive at an answer as to which of the two ethical philosophies is best for business. Getting Tired of Never-Ending Assignments? Hire an Expert from MyAssignmenthelp and Get the Necessary Assignment Help at a Reasonable Rate. Utilitarianism states that the morality of an action is determined by its consequences. For example, in utilitarianism it is acceptable if others are harmed but the consequence of the action is the well-being of a greater number of people. Deontology (Kant, 1788), on the other hand implies that the morality of any action basically depends upon intrinsic nature of the action (Conway Gawronski, 2013). That is, regardless of whatever the consequence of the action may be, harming others is not acceptable. In Utilitarianism, the act does not matter. Preference is only given to the outcome. There are two versions of utilitarianism; act utilitarianism (Brandt, 1972) and rule utilitarianism. The former version concerns with the notion that, a particular action is recommended and acceptable if it consequently increases happiness. And this is the default version of the theory. The action here is most important and the action is analysed on the lines of good consequences it produces. For example, if we consider a pharmaceutical company, the release of an officially approved medicine with a few side effects can be justified based on act utilitarianism (Brusseau, 2014). In this case the pharmaceutical company is operating on the principle that though the medicine causes side effects in a few patients, it helps increased number of patients in recovering from a particular disease. Therefore, the overall good is sufficiently greater than the bad. The Rule utilitarianism concerns with the notion that any action if it is based on a rule that, it increases the general happiness when applied uniformly to everyone is morally right. This rules aims at maximizing the overall utility. The focus here is on the rule for acting and not on the action itself. For example, in case of airline industry, it has tiered pricing for the same service to different customers. The pricing is different for economy, business and first class airline customers. Now, all the customers travel to the same destination for the same amount of time but the business class and first class customers pay much more than the economy customers and they also get more amenities for their price. The price difference can be justified on the basis of rule utilitarianism on the argument that it helps the airline industries in easing of the finance to accommodate the economy class. The 1972 Ford Pinto case is a classic example of utilitarianism in business (Velasquez, 2001). Because of the increasing gas prices, the then president of Ford, Lee Iaccoca modelled the Ford Pinto and wanted to rush it into production to compete with the Japanese manufacturers in producing fuel efficient smaller cars. This car was slated to cost two thousand US Dollars and was rushed into early testing and production. During the testing, it was noted that the positioning of the gas tank in the rump of the car left it vulnerable to collisions in rear-end of the car. Especially collisions at a speed greater than twenty miles per hour might cause the tank to break and result in serious burning repercussions. When it was debated whether or not to go ahead with the production of the vehicle, on utilitarian terms it was decided to send the pinto out. According to estimates from Ford, over the next ten years nearly sixty people died in fiery accidents and around one hundred and twenty people got seriously injured after which the pinto was phased out. The cost came lesser than it would have taken for Ford to remodel the gas tank and increase the price of the vehicle. On the basis of utilitarian argument Fords decision was justified since the overall good was higher. The car was beneficial to a broader number of people. The theory is based on the focus on ultimate happiness even if an action or decision caused pain to certain people. How right the decision was isnt taken into account. The decision sure did increase the profits for Ford but it cost human lives. Can human lives be quoted a price? There lies the danger in applying utilitarianism to businesses. There are other utilitarian versions. Monetized utilitarianism denotes the measuring of overall happiness on the basis of monetary benefits. A classic example of this would be the above mentioned Ford Pinto case. The decision here is purely objective and is advantageous when applied to complex situations involving lot of people. The Hedonistic Utilitarianism or traditional utilitarianism was proposed by Jeremy Bentham. According to him [Bentham] pleasure and happiness are synonymous. This approach seeks to increase pleasure while idealistic utilitarianism as described John Stuart Mill agreed with Benthams theory and also distinguished low and high brow sensations. In deontology, the decision or action is basically focussed on whether the action is right or wrong. For example, if we consider the same Ford Pinto case, a business operating on the deontological principle would definitely have decided to stop with the production or remodel the gas tank. This approach is based on a set of moral values and individual rights. A deontologist would not send the car into production unless he/she is absolutely sure that no harm would come from the design defects of the car to anybody who purchases it and even if only a small number of people are being harmed, it is still unacceptable. For example, consider a citizen following the law. He/she is a deontologist considering the he/she follows the law because he/she is supposed to do it and that it is his/her duty. The consequences dont matter. And an employee who follows rules in firm also follows deontology because he follows rules because he agreed to follow them. Just because he agreed, it is his duty to follow it and this action is of the highest virtue. Consider a customer service manager. If he is a follower of deontology and has strong duty based ethics, he will adhere firmly to the company policies and not make any provisions for the customer, because as far as he is considered, adhering to company policies is a part of her job and deviating would mean deviating from morals. This may be a disadvantage as it may sometimes result in dissatisfaction of customers. A utilitarian in this case would allow exceptions for customers because he is more concerned about the consequence, which is keeping his customers happ y. Thus deontological theories insist that even if morally favourable ends are obtained, some actions are never right. The act is here is independent of the outcome. Immanuel Kant developed the most known theory of deontology according to which emotions, inclinations and consequences has no role when it comes to performing moral duties. One of the biggest drawbacks of the deontological theory is that it doesnt consider the outcome at all. And it is not advisable to discount outcome of an action altogether. For example, deontology forbids lying universally. But lying for a good cause is permissible especially when saying the truth can be destructive. For instance, let us consider Sheryl Weinstein in the Bernie Madoff Case (Velasquez, 2001). Bernie Madoffs Ponzi scheme was a disaster. His original idea was to manoeuvre complicated financial businesses and he sought money from investors with this in mind. After a few early losses when his business wasnt growing, he started borrowing money from new investors and channelling them to the old investors claiming that it was through the success of his manoeuvre. In this case he temporarily lied for the overall good of everybody. His intention was to succeed and get all the money back but it didnt happen and he had to eventually go to jail. In a utilitarian point of view this was justified. But if he had followed deontology and said only the truth, it could have saved him from going to jail even though he would have been left with nothing. This is where categorical imperative comes into the picture and acts on the rule that the actions of a person should be in such a way that it can be universalized. Considering the universal rule that lying is not acceptable, Sheryl Weinstein should not lie about her twenty year affair with Madoff. But the best action in this case would be to either lie or hide the truth either of which is not acceptable according to deontology. The truth in this case causes only defamation. The problem with this theory basically is that it sounds good in theory but it is really difficult when it comes to applying it for practical purposes. For instance, in case of Eddy Lepp, medical marijuana grower in Northern California, he had license from the California regulators but the Federal agencies forbid the growth of the drug. This drug has soothing effects for nausea and remedied vomiting in case of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy (Brusseau, 2014). On the negative side, his action was breaking the law but the positive outcome was a large number of patients benefitted from the drug. If according to deontology the means justify the ends, the moral thing to do is to accept the truth and not lie. If ends should justify the means, then the morals change. In the debate between utilitarian versus deontological moral actions and judgements, sometimes, actions leading to maximum utility are morally impermissible (like the Ford Pinto case). Sometimes, adhering to moral values to do the right thing instead of making a mistake is morally required while sometimes it is necessary to consider the result of a morally right action. Therefore, there is no one business ethics. But when applying these ethics to business it is to be noted that it is important to perform only those actions that will result positively for the business. Doing something because it is morally right even though you know that it will reflect badly on the business is stupidity. In concluding, both deontology and utilitarianism have crucial implications when it comes to business. Both the theories can be applied in businesses. The cost-benefit analysis of utilitarianism is the most favourable way to evaluate whether a business decision is moral and is very important. Similarly, according to the categorical imperative in deontological theories rules out certain universalized practices such as theft, fraud, corruption etc. in business and form the basic elements of business ethics. But considering the practical feasibility of both the theories, deontology is very difficult when it comes to practising and requires value ethics to make it feasible (Van Staveren, 2007). Further, the main objective of any business is to gain profits and since the fundamental crux of utilitarianism is to maximize utility and focus on the overall good consequences, it may be said that utilitarianism is better for business comparatively. References 1. Conway, P. and Gawronski, B. (2013). Deontological and utilitarian inclinations in moral decision making: A process dissociation approach.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(2), pp.216-235. 2. Smart, J. and Williams, B. (1973).Utilitarianism. Cambridge [England]: University Press. 3. Brusseau, J. (2014). The Business Ethics Workshop, v.1.0. Flat World Education, Inc. 4. Velasquez, M., Andre, C., Shanks, T., and Meyer, M.J. (1989). Calculating Consequences: The Utilitarian Approach to Ethics. Issues in Ethics, 2(1). 5. Velasquez, M. G. (2001). Business Ethics Concepts and Cases. Business Ethics, Anderson University DBA. 6. Van Staveren, I. (2007). Beyond Utilitarianism and Deontology: Ethics in Economics.Review of Political Economy, 19(1), pp.21-35. 7. Fahey, T. (2012). Utilitarianism versus Deontology. 8.Baugher, D., and Weisbord, E. (n.d.) Egoism, Justice, Rights, and Utilitarianism: Students View of Classical Ethical Positions in Business. Journal of Academic and Business Ethics. 9.Kissiah, C.J. (2014). The Deontological and Utilitarian Cases for Rectifying Structural Injustice in Sweatshop Labour Ethics: A critical Assessment. CMC Senior Theses. Paper 923. 10.Donaldson, T. (2003). Editors Comments: Taking ethics seriously A mission now more possible. Academy of Management Review, 28, pp. 363-366. 11. Gatewood, R. D., Carroll, A. B. (1991). Assessment of ethical performance of organizational members: A conceptual framework. Academy of Management Review, 16(4), 667-690. 12. Shaw, W.H., Barry, V., Issa, T., and Catle, B. (2013). Moral Issues in Business: 2nd Asia Pacific Edition.