Power Generation from Radio Wave Technology

Introduction Radio wave technology is the use of airwaves in transmitting and receiving information. It is the foundation of most of our communication in the present day. Radio waves fall under the group of waves termed electromagnetic radiation, which travel at the speed of light (3Ãâ€"108 m/s).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Power Generation from Radio Wave Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These types of waves (including light, infrared, microwaves and x-rays) are classified based on their wavelengths and frequencies. The frequencies of radio waves lie between 300GHz to 3 kHz with wavelengths of 1mm to 100km. Some of the communication equipments that use radio waves include satellite dishes, radar, radios, television, mobile phones and wireless internet. The use of radio waves for powering electronic devices had not been exploited due to the nature of waves to weaken and dissipate as they spread due to their interaction with other waves and matter. Recently, a growing interest in alternative sources of energy that could provide efficient power in remote and sensitive locations has led to research into radio wave power generation. This paper looks at the history of radio waves and how power can be generated from them and how it can be applied in electronic devices. History and growth of radio wave technology The history of radio waves as medium for transmitting information started way back in the 1860s when James Clerk Maxwell, a physicist from Scotland, envisaged the existence of the waves. His prediction was enhanced in 1886 by Heinrich Rudolph Hertz, a German physicist, who went a notch further to show how variation of electric current could be sent into space as radio waves (Bellis 3). He was able to generate and compute the first waves by using an oscillator for transmitting the waves and a metal loop for detecting them (Parker 3). In 1895 Guglielmo Marconi, from Italy, sent a radio signal over a distance of 100m and received it. He used crafted antenna, transmitter, and condenser and had connections on the ground that could receive the signals. He also sent a wireless signal across the English Channel in 1899(Bellis 5), a distance of 3.5 miles. In addition, Nikola Tesla helped in developing and enhancing wireless radio transmitters.Advertising Looking for research paper on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ships started using wireless telegraphy for sending distress calls while at sea. In 1899, the U.S Army adopted the wireless system and in 1901, the Navy also adopted the system. Lee Deforest invented the space telegraph in the early 1900s where amplifiers were used to strengthen weak signals (Bellis 12). Marconi was able to transmit voice in 1914 over a distance of 50 miles (Bellis 12). Over time, many people aided in developing and enhancing radio wave communicatio n and today we have 4G technologies that send information at very high speeds, besides audio and video streaming. Power generation using radio waves Electromagnetic radiation and photons Electromagnetic waves can be said to have an atomic structure and can either generate or expend energy (â€Å"Electromagnetic waves† par. 7). The electromagnetic radiation, in quantum terms, is said to have photons transporting energy (Joules). A single photon has energy equal to hf. h is Planck’s constant =6.626Ãâ€"10-34 J s and f =frequency of photon v is the velocity of light= 3Ãâ€"108 m/s and ÃŽ » =wavelength of photonAdvertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Power Generation from Radio Wave Technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Collection of radio waves energy Radio wave energy can be collected and harnessed using various equipments and components. The generation circuit has components such as antenn a, capacitors, diodes, transistors, inductors and resistors. The antenna is used for receiving the electromagnetic signal. This signal received is then rectified. The rectifying circuit is made of diodes. Once the signal has been rectified, it is boosted before being stored in capacitors. The power stored is used to drive a load or resistor via a switching circuit. Figure 1: Block diagram for ground circuit for capturing radio waves Figure 2: Circuit diagram for capturing and generating power from radio waves MOS transistors are used for switching or controlling the stored power to the load. The source of the MOSFET (for switching) is connected to the storage capacitor with the drain connected to the load. The link between the capacitor and load is created when the voltage of the stored charge is equivalent to the sum of the threshold voltages of both MOSFETs (Ishida et al. 4). Potential of radio wave harvesting Radio wave energy can be efficiently and sufficiently harvested if various factors are considered. These are:Advertising Looking for research paper on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Using powerful receivers which detect a wide range of frequencies as well as arresting a high concentration of the wasted waves Ensuring energy is obtained at low power density from sensors located far-off from the source for energy obtained varies inversely with distance (1/d2) Ensuring the voltage generated from the source is greater than 0.3V (1 milliwatt) for satisfactory conversion of all incoming wave Using high quality circuits and transistors Applications of the power generated using radio waves Power generated by radio waves is quite small ranging from a few microwatts to hundreds of milliwatts. The power generated can be used in devices such as: LED monitor lights Sensors LCD display thermometer Implants in the biomedical field Charging the battery for cell phones Safety hard hat Possibility of radio waves technology replacing batteries Nowadays, there is a high requirement for efficient energy sources. Furthermore, the sources should be mobile and flexible. Batteries are usually bulky, require regular maintenance and have a limited life and as such require constant replacement. With the rapid advancement in technology where electronic gadgets and devices are continually made smaller and efficient, their energy requirements have decreased over time. Proper harnessing of radio wave energy could provide an alternative source of energy for powering small electrical devices such as sensors. This is through capturing the electricity produced by the radio waves and is depended on how far the transmitter is and the magnitude of the power generated by the transmitter. The power that can be harnessed from these waves is in the range of microwatts to milliwatts which can be sufficient for powering the devices especially in remote locations. Thus, there is a possibility of radio waves technology replacing batteries. Conclusion and personal thought about radio wave technology application in future Energy harnessed from wasted radio waves is small. This energ y may not be adequate to power large electronic devices but technology has been changing very rapidly in the recent years. Many companies are developing gadgets that are very small, thus requiring less power. For example, the mobile phone industry has seen a reduction in the size of the phones but with more installed phone features and applications. Nokia has come up with a harvesting device embedded in a cell phone. This device is able to charge the phone’s battery (Dixon 3). This means that in the future, many miniature gadgets will have been developed which will totally rely on radio frequency energy. Furthermore, radio wave energy will provide a reliable source of energy since the use of cell phones, television, radios and other communication devices is on the rise. Works Cited Bellis, Mary. The Invention of Radio. 2012. Web. Dixon, Bryn. Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting. 2010. Web. Electromagnetic Waves. 2010. Web. Ishida, Makoto, Kazuaki Sawada, Hidekuni Takao, and Min oru Sudo. Power Generation Circuit using Electromagnetic Wave. 2011. Web. Parker, Bev. The History of Radio. Web. This research paper on Power Generation from Radio Wave Technology was written and submitted by user Ernesto C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

blood cell essays

blood cell essays Blood is composed of cells and fluid, contain many inorganic and organic molecules. Functions of blood could be falls into three categories: transport, defense and regulation, they all have different function. Blood transport oxygen and nutrients and removes waste from the body. It also transports hormones, which control the body's organ. Blood defense pathogens such as bacteria and viruses and it clots, which prevents the loss of blood. In regulatory functions, blood helps maintain body temperature A molecule cells use in cellular respiration, transport oxygen, is called red blood cells. Red blood cells also known as erythrocytes, they are very small. There are about 4 to 6 millions of red blood cells in our whole blood. It's containing a respiratory pigment called hemoglobin. It's carries oxygen and it is red in color. In red blood cell, it's contains about 200 million hemoglobin molecules. If we losing a big amount of hemoglobin in our blood, our blood will become thicker, so then is hard to All blood cells are produced from stem cells with in the red bone marrow. Stem cell, which can divide, and producing new cells into specific type of cells. Red blood cells can only live for 120 days, after that, they will destroyed in the liver and spleen and there are about 2 million cells are destroyed per second. Therefore, an equal number much be produced to keep the cell count in balance. People who are lack of hemoglobin will suffer Blood that playing the role of defends is the white blood cell. White blood cells also known as leukocytes are differ from red blood cells. It's fight infection, they are more largely and being lack hemoglobin. White blood cells are came from the stem cells in the red bone marrow. They defend us against pathogens that have invaded into our body. White blood cells are ...

Albert Einstein Essays - Physics, Science And Technology

Albert Einstein Of all the scientists to emerge from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries there is one whose name is known by almost all living people. While most of these do not understand this man's work, everyone knows that its impact on the world of science is astonishing. Yes,many have heard of Albert Einstein's General Theory of relativity, but few know about the intriguing life that led this scientist to discover what some have called, "The greatest single achievement of human thought." Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on March 14, 1874. Before his first birthday, his family had moved to Munich where young Albert's father, Hermann Einstein, and uncle set up a small electro-chemical business. He was fortunate to have an excellent family with which he held a strong relationship. Albert's mother, Pauline Einstein, had an intense passion for music and literature, and it was she that first introduced her son to the violin in which he found much joy and relaxation. Also, he was very close with his younger sister, Maja, and they could often be found in the lakes that were scattered about the countryside near Munich. As a child, Einstein's sense of curiosity had already begun to stir. A favorite toy of his was his father's compass, and he often marveled at his uncle's explanations of algebra. Although young Albert was intrigued by certain mysteries of science, he was considered a slow learner. His failure to become fluent in German until the age of nine even led some teachers to believe he was disabled. Einstein's post-basic education began at the Luitpold Gymnasium when he was ten. It was here that he first encountered the German spirit through the school's strict disciplinary policy. His disapproval of this method of teaching led to his reputation as a rebel. It was probably these differences that caused Einstein to search for knowledge at home. He began not with science, but with religion. He avidly studied the Bible seeking truth, but this religious fervor soon died down when he discovered the intrigue of science and math. To him, these seemed much more realistic than ancient stories. With this new knowledge he disliked class even more, and was eventually expelled from Luitpold Gymnasium being considered a disruptive influence. Feeling that he could no longer deal with the German mentality, Einstein moved to Switzerland where he continued his education. At sixteen he attempted to enroll at the Federal Institute of Technology but failed the entrance exam. This forced him to study locally for one year until he finally passed the school's evaluation. The Institute allowed Einstein to meet many other students that shared his curiosity, and It was here that his studies turned mainly to Physics. He quickly learned that while physicists had generally agreed on major principals in the past, there were modern scientists who were attempting to disprove outdated theories. Since most of Einstein's teachers ignored these new ideas, he was again forced to explore on his own. In 1900 he graduated from the Institute and then achieved citizenship to Switzerland. Einstein became a clerk at the Swiss Patent Office in 1902. This job had little to do with physics, but he was able to satiate his curiosity by figuring out how new inventions worked. The most important part of Einstein's occupation was that it allowed him enough time to pursue his own line of research. As his ideas began to develop, he published them in specialist journals. Though he was still unknown to the scientific world, he began to attract a large circle of friends and admirers. A group of students that he tutored quickly transformed into a social club that shared a love of nature, music, and of course, science. In 1903 he married Mileva Meric, a mathematician friend. In 1905, Einstein published five separate papers in a journal, the Annals of Physics. The first was immediately acknowledged, and the University of Zurich awarded Einstein an additional degree. The other papers helped to develop modern physics and earned him the reputation of an artist. Many scientists have said that Einstein's work contained an imaginative spirit that was seen in most poetry. His work at this time dealt with molecules, and how their motion affected temperature, but he is most well known for his Special Theory of Relativity which tackled motion and the speed of light. Perhaps the most important part of his discoveries was the equation: E= mc2. After publishing these theories Einstein was promoted at his office. He remained at the Patents Office for another two years, but his name was becoming too big among the scientific community. In 1908, Einstein began teaching party time at

Culture, Service and Product Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Culture, Service and Product - Essay Example These barriers have to be addressed so that entering a new market would be successful. This paper comes in two parts. First part discusses glocalization issues, and the second part talks about case of Disneyland as it entered glocalization in HongKong and the soon to be opened Shanghai Disney. Conceptual framework of the study analyzes importance of glocalization, gives its meaning, and how it is applied by Disney in its business practice in setting up its resorts to an environment totally different from its origin. These comes as are positive challenges to the this icon of entertainment. In this study, I borrowed the concept of Luigi and Vineran (n.d.) that proposed: â€Å"in order to be successful globally, managers must act locally in the different markets they chose to enter.† Glocalization is coined word from globalization and glocalization which is used describe a product or service that is developed and distributed globally, but is also fashioned to accommodate the user or consumer in a local market†. (Investopedia. n.d.) Glocalization meant differently as to each region because of differences cultures, language, religion, traditions and laws. Luigi, D. and S. Vineran (n.d.) in their study put forward a definition that states: â€Å"providing a global offer (brand, idea, product, idea, or service, etc.) while taking local issues into account†. A global product / service that can face competition from both local and international brands in a better way because it meets certain local needs or preferences at lower costs due the global edge of the company. What key areas does a company need to consider when moving a product/service developed in one country to a different country? How should a company assess how a product or service is being received in a different country? Global marketing has introduced may changes on business approaches, such as the way how a company transacts business to

Companies engage in CSR because, for a number of reasons, they think Essay

Companies engage in CSR because, for a number of reasons, they think it will be good for their profit margins Critically d - Essay Example A multitude of definition of CSR exist, and the range of views on the proper scope and extent of a firm’s social responsibilities, as well. Whether CSR is about companies giving charities, taking care of the environment, being sympathetic to workers or assisting their communities with expectations of financial gains remain a controversial subject (Bacher, 2007, p 12) The right definition of corporate social responsibility becomes more difficult when real business examples are taken into consideration. For instance, was Google acting in a publicly accountable manner when it put up with the Chinese law by sieving the content found through its google .cn search engine? Was UBS Bank acting socially responsible by opting to spend investors’ money to willingly reduce its carbon emission to attend to global warming when there is no legal duty to so. Does Heineken beer firm offer costly HIV/AIDS medication to its African workers and their beneficiaries if this is not anticipate d to bring financial gain to the company? In order to address these questions, it is essential to examine why firms go beyond the bottom line in an attempt to defend their CSR (Adams & Zutshi, 2004, p 32). A possible definition of CSR holds that the idea of social responsibilities presumes that the company has not only economic and lawful obligations, but also definite duties to the community, which go beyond these duties. Another explanation states that social responsibility is the duty of decision makers to take actions that guard and enhance the wellbeing of society as a whole along with their own interests. CSR is also taken to mean the continuing commitment by businesses to act ethically and contribute to economic development whilst enhancing the quality of life of the employees and their relations, the local community and the wider society, as well. Several elements found in various definitions suggest that corporations have duties that go beyond their bottom line (that, is, p roduction of goods and services at a gain). These duties entail helping unravel significant social problems, which the business itself has helped create (Adams, 2008, p 366). Companies have a wider constituency than shareholders only. Organizations serve a broader assortment of human values than can be captured by a sole focus on economic values. Narrower points of view on CSR hold that businesses have two main responsibilities. One is to abide by the elementary canons of each day face to face civility and to seek material gain. The second duty is the fiduciary obligation to investors (owners) is the bedrock of capitalism, and free enterprise will dry up without it. As such, definitions of CSR fall under two broad schools of thought: those with the view that business is mandated only to make profits within the boundaries of minimal ethical and legal compliance. The other school of thought holds that CSR entails broader responsibilities. Numerous factors and influences have resulted in mounting attention being devoted to the role of businesses and corporate social responsibility. They comprise of sustainable development, globalization, corporate sector impact, governance, finance, communications, ethics, leadership, business tool and consistency

Managing In Hospitality Essay Example for Free

Managing In Hospitality Essay To convince the management, the owner must be able to communicate his ideas and perceptions clearly. The owner might face a bit of difficulty doing this, since the managers have been around for long, and they probably know their trade well. It is still possible, however. One of the things that the owner can do is gain the trust of his managers. However, it cannot be the calculus-based trust or identification-based trust—it has to be through organizational citizenship behavior. Specifically, he has to make sure that each member of the management is treated fairly. For instance, with this issue, he must give each and every one a chance to voice out their opinion regarding the upgrading of the hotel, and explain why they are against it. This will let them know that even though the owner’s ideas may be in conflict with those of the management’s, the owner still values their knowledge and respects their position as managers. Once they all get their chance to share their thoughts, the owner should then explain his side, but trying not to compete with his managers as to which is the better plan, as this will only create friction, in the form of substantive conflict, and it will be even more difficult to convince the management to upgrade the hotel. Instead, the party should negotiate, or bargain, and try to find a common ground. Since everyone has had his side heard by this point, they can address the questions surrounding the issue of why upgrading to a 5-star hotel might be a bad idea, and what can be done to turn this around or to compensate for it. Lastly, the owner should try to control his emotions when explaining his side. No matter how harsh or how blunt the management may be, regarding his decisions as â€Å"unnecessary†, the owner must remain emotionally stable. The same goes for the management—if one of them suddenly starts raising his voice, he should be calmed down before proceeding with the meeting. They should also be reminded of their positions—they are managers, not owners—and should respect the owner’s authority over them. The owner himself should not push his weight around. Works Cited Hunt, Courtney. â€Å"Interpersonal Behavior in the Workplace.†

Teams Dont Work Essay -- essays research papers

I. Introduction: I undertook this study to prove the legendary story about the Camelot…An historic example of team, effort gone awry. In the legendary story, a few events transformed Camelot from a utopia kingdom into wasteland. This isn't just idle meandering. There are corporate Camelot's, too, (such as my company MobileComm); those companies that started with such promise and fell victim to problems in their teamwork concepts. It is clear to see that team-based systems simply don't work; better controls equals better management. An emphasis on separating workers into specifically defined jobs, having centralized management control, and maintaining a structured chain of command contributes to a much better and more effective workplace situation. It makes more sense, therefore, to stick to traditional structures in the workplace. II. Review Of Literature 1. Blair, Gerard. Groups That Work, www.ee.ed.ac.uk/~gerad/Management/art0 (1998). The effectiveness of the team takes a nosedive, and the productiveness of the team is far less than the individual could have achieved had they not brought together. 2. Blair, Gerard. 'How to Build Quality into your Team'; IEE Engineering Management Journal, (1996). There are certain frameworks within which teams attempt to work. It's the inability to function within these 'frames' that in another disadvantage to teamwork. The 'forming stage'; is when first comes together. Everyone is considered and civil, and allows for everyone to participate. Discussion is slow and guarded since no one wishes to be seen as conflict. Even though it is not verbalized, it's always destructive. 3. Davidmann, Manfred. Style of Management and Leadership, (1982). Business experts have to work together to achieve their goals, and discord in one area can inconvenience many people. It is essential. Therefore, that people cooperate with each other—but organization is the more difficult it is to achieve the necessary degree of cooperation. Larger organizations are usually much less effective using a ream approach, as people tend to work against each other rather than with each other, 4. Rayner Kimball Fisher- Steven Belgard Williams. Tips for Teams (1995). Team members and team leaders typically have problems defining their own roles, making it difficult to work toward results than busying t... ... Blair, Gerard M. "How to Build Quality into your Team" IEE Engineering Management Journal. fwfwfffhttp://spindle-ee- net2.ee.ed.ac.uk/~gerard/Management/ (1996). term papers term papers Blair, Gerard M. Laying the Foundations for Effective Teamwork. term papers http://www.ee.ed.ac.uk/~gerard/Teaching/art0.html (1996). Davidmann, Manfred. Style of Management and Leadership. //www.demon.co.uk/solbaram/articles/clm2.html (1982). Fisher, Kimball-Rayner, Steven-Belgrade, William. Tips for Teams. (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1995). Harshman, Carl L.-Philips, Steven L. Teaming Up. (San Diego, CA: Pfeiffer & Co., 1994). Kinlaw, Dennis. Team-Managed Facilitation. (San Diego, CA: Pfeiffer & Co., 1993). Harrington-Mackin, Deborah. Keeping the Team Going. (New York, NY: Amacom, 1996). Mosvick, Roger-Nelson, Robert B. We've Got to Start Meeting Like This. (Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman, 1987). Rayner, Steven R. Team Traps. (New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996). Rees, Fran How to Lead Work Teams. (San Diego, CA: Pfeiffer & Co., 1991). Sayles, L.R. "Leadership for the Nineties." Issues and Observations. (1990): spring, pp. 8-11.